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1741 CE

This year falls in the Early modern period (c. 1500–1800). European ships link the Americas, Africa, Europe and Asia into one trading world, and the conquest of the Americas and the Atlantic slave trade follow. Large land empires, among them the Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal and Qing, rule much of Asia, while printing and the Scientific Revolution change how knowledge spreads in Europe.

Within fifteen years

Country · OmanOman1744–Oman is a sultanate on the southeastern coast of Arabia. Ahmad bin Said founded the current dynasty in 1744. It once ruled a seaborne empire reaching Zanzibar; today it is an absolute monarchy and a quiet diplomatic power.

Philosopher · Early modern period · EnglandJeremy Bentham1748–1832English reformer who founded utilitarianism on the greatest happiness principle: the right act is the one that makes the most happiness. He campaigned for legal reform, animal welfare, and the secret ballot. He lived 1748 to 1832.

Ruler · Early modern period · RussiaCatherine the Great1729–1796Empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796, born Sophie of Anhalt Zerbst in 1729, a German princess who seized the Russian throne from her husband. She extended Russia to the Black Sea, annexed Crimea in 1783, and joined the partitions of Poland. A correspondent of Voltaire, she patronized the arts while ruling as an autocrat.