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537 BCE

This year falls in the Iron Age (c. 1200–500 BCE). Iron tools and weapons spread, and new powers rise, among them Assyria, Babylon, the Zhou dynasty in China and the Greek city-states. Alphabets and coined money spread, and the Persian Empire is founded in the sixth century BCE.

Within fifteen years

Philosopher · Iron Age · TurkeyHeraclitusc. 535–c. 475 BCGreek thinker of Ephesus, on the coast of modern Turkey, famous for the doctrine that all things flow. He taught that fire is the first principle and that opposites are one. He lived about 535 to 475 BC, and his one book survives only in fragments.

Civilization · Iron Age · Achaemenid EmpireAchaemenid Empire550–330 BCEThe Achaemenid Empire was the first Persian Empire and the largest the ancient world had seen. Cyrus the Great founded it in 550 BCE; at its height it ruled from India to Greece. Alexander the Great destroyed it in 330 BCE.

Philosopher · Iron Age · ChinaConfuciusc. 551–479 BCTeacher of ritual and judgment in the state of Lu in the late Spring and Autumn period. The Analects are layered school texts, not a stenograph of one life.

Ruler · Iron Age · IranDarius Ir. 522–486 BCKing of Persia from 522 to 486 BC, who organized the empire Cyrus founded into a working state. He divided it into satrapies, built the Royal Road, and raised Persepolis. His reign saw the first clashes with mainland Greece, including the Persian defeat at Marathon in 490 BC.