Relationship trees
Who was whose child, spouse, successor — drawn as trees of life. Disputed relationships are dashed gold.
Roman Emperors
96 people · Augustus to the fall of the Western Empire, 27 BCE to 476 CE. Co emperors and recognized usurpers included; obscure claimants flagged disputed.
Byzantine Emperors
88 people · Arcadius 395 to Constantine XI 1453; co emperors who never ruled alone are flagged in their notes
English and British Monarchs
65 people · Alfred the Great to Charles III; disputed claimants, the Lord Protectors, and the 1216 French claimant are flagged
French Monarchs
56 people · Charles the Bald 843 to Napoleon III 1870; Carolingian, Capetian, Valois, Bourbon, and Bonaparte rulers plus disputed claimants
Russian Rulers
36 people · Ivan I Kalita to Nicholas II; Muscovite grand princes, tsars, and emperors with Time of Troubles claimants flagged
Ottoman Sultans
41 people · Osman I to Mehmed VI, plus the Interregnum claimants and the last caliph Abdülmecid II; parentage follows the standard scholarly reconstruction
Islamic Caliphates
56 people · Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphs 632 to 1258; Hasan ibn Ali flagged as disputed
Fatimid Caliphate
14 people · Isma'ili Shi'a caliphs 909 to 1171; al Hafiz flagged as disputed
Egypt: New Kingdom Pharaohs
33 people · Ahmose I to Ramesses XI, 18th through 20th Dynasties; all dates approximate (high chronology); Amarna period uncertainties flagged
Egypt: 26th Dynasty
7 people · Saite pharaohs Necho I to Psamtik III, 672 to 525 BCE
Egypt: Ptolemaic Dynasty
16 people · Ptolemy I to Cleopatra VII and Caesarion, 305 to 30 BCE; co rulers and the murdered Ptolemy VII flagged
China: Qin and Han
33 people · Qin Shi Huang through Emperor Xian, 221 BCE to 220 CE; the Qin, Western Han, Xin interregnum, and Eastern Han with child and puppet emperors flagged
China: Tang Dynasty
22 people · Gaozu 618 to Ai 907, including Wu Zetian's Zhou interregnum
China: Song Dynasty
18 people · Taizu 960 to Zhao Bing 1279; Northern and Southern Song
China: Ming Dynasty
16 people · Hongwu 1368 to Chongzhen 1644, including the Jingtai interregnum
China: Qing Dynasty
12 people · Nurhaci and Hong Taiji as precursors, Shunzhi 1643 to Xuantong 1912
Holy Roman Emperors
41 people · Otto I 962 to Francis II 1806; kings of Germany who were never crowned emperor are flagged in their notes
Spanish Monarchs
22 people · Isabella and Ferdinand to Felipe VI; Joseph Bonaparte flagged as disputed
American Presidents
45 people · Washington to Trump; a succession sequence with family links where they exist (Adams, Harrison, Bush, Roosevelt cousins)